Background Leiurus quinquestriatus is one of the world’s most dangerous scorpions. The present study was con ducted to describe the histology, and histochemistry of the venom gland in males and females, and measurements of the concentrations of elements, and proteins profiles in this scorpion. Results Light microscopic examination revealed paired glands located inside the telson’s vesicle. Moreover, three types of secretory granules in the venom gland were varied between males and females. Electrophoresis revealed three protein bands (165, 93, and 24 kD) in females, while males exhibited only two bands (165 and 93 kD). Fur thermore, the elemental analysis of the venom gland indicated increased concentrations of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn), in males than in females (P < 0.001). In contrast, levels of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) were higher in female scorpions (P < 0.001). Conclusion In conclusion, the presence of significant structural differences in the venom gland apparatus between males and females may provide good evidence about the composition of the venom in both sexes. The variations related to secretory granules, protein profile, and concentrations of different elements in male and female venom glands are useful for understanding the mechanisms of venom activity, suggesting that the male scorpions of L. quinquestriatus may be more toxic than female ones.