Naked barley grains were germinated at 25 °C for 12, 24, and 36 h, followed by hot air and infrared drying. Changes in structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of naked barley flour and starch after germination and drying were evaluated. Germinated and dried flour showed loose structure in starch granules surface. Germination and drying enhanced bulk density and water solubility of flour, while oil absorption capacity decreased. Treated barley starch showed greater water holding capacity, viscosity, and gelatinization temperature than those of native ones, and the maximum increase in water holding capacity of germinated barley was 20.25% of the native ones. Moreover, molecular weight, amylopectin long chains, and crystallinity of treated starch decreased, and the maximum decrease in the crystallinity of germinated barley was 78.36% of the native ones. Generally, germination for 24 and 36 h by infrared drying induced significant changes of flour and starch compared with hot air drying ones. Therefore, the combination of germination and infrared drying can be suggested as a promising method for modifying the properties of naked barley flour and starch to promote their application in the food industry.

Three distyryl-containing compounds, namely, 2-((cyanomethyl)thio)-4,6-distyrylnicotinonitrile (2), 3-amino-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3- b]pyridine-2-carbonitrile (3) and 2-((2-cyanoethyl)thio)-4,6-distyrylnicotinonitrile (4) have been prepared and characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The three compounds contain the pyridine moiety and are considered neonicotinoids analogues. Because neonicotinoids were considered the most effective pesticides, the biological activity of the distyryl-containing compounds as potential insecticides against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was evaluated. The agricultural bioactivity results of these compounds showed that the insecticidal activity varied from good to moderate against cowpea aphid insects.

Three distyryl-containing compounds, namely, 2-((cyanomethyl)thio)-4,6-distyrylnicotinonitrile (2), 3-amino-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3- b]pyridine-2-carbonitrile (3) and 2-((2-cyanoethyl)thio)-4,6-distyrylnicotinonitrile (4) have been prepared and characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The three compounds contain the pyridine moiety and are considered neonicotinoids analogues. Because neonicotinoids were considered the most effective pesticides, the biological activity of the distyryl-containing compounds as potential insecticides against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch was evaluated. The agricultural bioactivity results of these compounds showed that the insecticidal activity varied from good to moderate against cowpea aphid insects.

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