Toxoplasmosis is a global zoonotic disease that poses a threat to both animal and human, therefore the present investigation's aims were to detect T. gondii antibodies and T. gondii DNA in sheep and goat milk samples, and the relationship between epidemiological aspects and T. gondii infection. The current study was carried out on lactating sheep and goats (50 of each) from farmers’ houses (El-Fateh and Abnoub) in Assiut Governorate. CMT was performed on milk samples to detect subclinical mastitis, while LAT and PCR were utilized to diagnose T. gondii. Among the 100 examined animals, 2 (2%) were classified as CMT (++), 9 (9%) as CMT (+), 13 (13%) as suspicious and 76 (76%) as negative. According to LAT, 26% (13/50) of sheep milk samples and 44% (22/50) of goat milk samples contained T. gondii antibodies. By using PCR, it was discovered that 86% (43/50) of dairy sheep and 94% (47/50) of dairy goats had T. gondii DNA in their milk. The T. gondii infection in PCR-examined dairy sheep varied significantly by location (P<0.01), but there was no discernible change based on age (P<0.05). The percentages of molecularly testing dairy goats infected with T. gondii did not significantly differ (P<0.05) based on their locality and age. In order to stop and limit the spread of toxoplasmosis in Assiut Governorate, surveillance and sufficient biosecurity measures must be implemented

A total of sixty commercial beef products, represented by minced meat, sausage, kofta, and burger, with fifteen samples per product, were collected randomly from different markets in Assiut city, Egypt. Samples were examined histologically, immunohistochemically and molecularly to investigate tissue composition and species substitution. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was applied to confirm the beef origin of different marketed beef products and determine if there are any adulteration and/ or contamination with rodents and canine species. The histological investigation finds significant differences in skeletal muscle content, with the highest proportion in minced meat, whereas the lowest detected in kofta. Several animal tissues were detected, including adipose tissue, collagen, cartilage, and bone, where kofta showed the highest levels. We also detected plant tissues, predominantly found in burger samples. Expression Bcl2 indicated the maximum intensity in sausage, while burger showed the lowest expression. PCR results revealed that 89.13% were pure beef products, 10.87% were with rat meat contamination, and 100% of examined samples were negative for canine species. These results highlight the efficacy of histology, Bcl2 immunohistochemistry and PCR in assessing meat quality and distinguishing adulteration.

The formation of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions is a significant challenge in veterinary practice worldwide. Thus, several attempts have been made to identify agents that prevent the occurrence of these postsurgical adhesions. However, finding an ideal and effective agent remains a challenge. Herein, we investigate the potential of tadalafil and tadalafil/cellulose composite as promising therapeutics for preventing postsurgical intra-abdominal adhesions. A cecal abrasion model was established in 30 rats, which either left untreated or treated with tadalafil, cellulose, or tadalafil/cellulose. After 2 weeks, the adhesion formation was evaluated based on gross appearance, oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, histopathological analysis, and immunohistochemical staining. Compared to the adhesion group, gross and histopathological findings revealed that both the tadalafil and cellulose groups significantly decreased adhesion formation, with better results observed after tadalafil treatment. Importantly the tadalafil/cellulose treatment completely prevented adhesion formation. Additionally, the treated groups showed reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while increasing the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) compared to the adhesion group. Furthermore, the treated groups reduced the expression of macrophage markers. These findings suggest that the intra-abdominal application of tadalafil and tadalafil/cellulose following abdominal surgery holds promise as a clinical strategy to prevent postsurgical intra-abdominal adhesions, with tadalafil/cellulose demonstrating superior efficacy.

Cold plasma-activated water (PAW) is a novel technology that was recently used in biomedical research; Despite its potential, PAW's safety remains inadequately assessed. The study explores the impact of PAW on behavioral responses and brain tissue histopathology in mice. Ten-week-old female albino mice were divided into three groups each containing 10 mice (5 replicates, 2 mice/cage) and received either distilled water (DW), or distilled water exposed to cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) for 3 min (PAW-3), or 15 min (PAW-15) by oral gavage in a dose of 200 μL/mice (3 times/week) for four weeks. PAW exhibited altered physicochemical properties compared to DW. Mice exposed to PAW demonstrated reduced burrowing activity, marble burying ability, and novel object recognition compared to controls, indicating potential neurobehavioral alterations. PAW-treated groups displayed notable histological …

Introduction: Ocular diseases pose a significant health
concern for donkeys. However, studies examining the microanatomy
and cell populations of the donkey retina are
scarce. The current study aimed to describe the vascular
pattern of the donkey retina and document its cellular
components. Methods: The donkey retina specimens were
obtained from different retinal regions and prepared for
semithin sectioning and immunohistochemistry. Results:
The donkey has a paurangiotic retina in which retinal vessels
are confined to a narrow area around the optic disc. Glial
cells coexist with the blood vessels being very numerous in
the vascular region and become scanty in the avascular
ones. S-100-positive astrocytes could be observed in these
avascular areas. Ganglion cells are organized in a single layer
with the least population existing in the peripheral retina.
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (AFGF) is immunoreactive in
amacrine and ganglion cells. A subpopulation of amacrine
cells reacted strongly to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and
others reacted positively to S-100 protein. Ganglion cell
nuclei exhibited a strong immunoreactivity to S-100 protein
as well. Furthermore, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is
used to identify Müller cells that extend their processes
across the retina from the inner to the outer limiting
membrane. Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings provide
novel insights into the normal retinal organization. The
donkey retina shows the characteristic expression of immunohistochemical
markers for the major cell types. In
addition, the distribution of glial cells is comparable between
the vascular and avascular regions.

The retina consists of various cell types arranged in eight cell layers and two membranes
that originate from the neuroectodermal cells. In this study, the timing of differentiation
and distribution of the cellular components and the layers of the rabbit
retina are investigated using light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical
techniques. There were 32 rabbit embryos and 12 rabbits used. The rabbit retina
begins its prenatal development on the 10th day of gestation in the form of optic
cup. The process of neuro- and gliogenesis occurs in several stages: In the first stage,
the ganglionic cells are differentiated at the 15th day. The second stage includes the
differentiation of Muller, amacrine, and cone cells on the 23rd day. The differentiation
of bipolar, horizontal, and rod cells and formation of the inner segments of the
photoreceptors consider the late stage that occurs by the 27th and 30th day of gestation.
On the first week of age postnatally, the outer segments of the photoreceptors
are developed. S100 protein is expressed by the Muller cells and its processes
that traverse the retina from the outer to the inner limiting membranes. Calretinin is
intensely labeled within the amacrine and displaced amacrine cells. Ganglionic cells
exhibited moderate immunoreactivity for calretinin confined to their cytoplasm and
dendrites. In conclusion, all stages of neuro- and gliogenesis of the rabbit retina occur
during the embryonic period. Then, the retina continues its development postnatally
by formation of the photoreceptor outer segments and all layers of the retina
become established.

Introduction: Ocular diseases pose a significant health concern for donkeys. However, studies examining the microanatomy and cell populations of the donkey retina are scarce. The current study aimed to describe the vascular pattern of the donkey retina and document its cellular components.

Methods: The donkey retina specimens were obtained from different retinal regions and prepared for semithin sectioning and immunohistochemistry.

Results: The donkey has a paurangiotic retina in which retinal vessels are confined to a narrow area around the optic disc. Glial cells coexist with the blood vessels being very numerous in the vascular region and become scanty in the avascular ones. S-100-positive astrocytes could be observed in these avascular areas. Ganglion cells are organized in a single layer with the least population existing in the peripheral retina. Acidic fibroblast growth factor (AFGF) is immunoreactive in amacrine and ganglion cells. A subpopulation of amacrine cells reacted strongly to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and others reacted positively to S-100 protein. Ganglion cell nuclei exhibited a strong immunoreactivity to S-100 protein as well. Furthermore, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is used to identify Müller cells that extend their processes across the retina from the inner to the outer limiting membrane.

Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings provide novel insights into the normal retinal organization. The donkey retina shows the characteristic expression of immunohistochemical markers for the major cell types. In addition, the distribution of glial cells is comparable between the vascular and avascular regions.

The laryngeal mound (LM) formed the caudal part of the pharyngeal floor, which varied in position, shape, and length at different ages. This work aimed to study the morphogenesis of the LM in the embryonic and post hatching periods grossly, histologically, and by scanning electron microscopy using forty-eight Japanese quails. The LM primordia appeared on the 8th day of incubation as a raised elevation carried on a deep median symmetrical sulcus (glottis primordium). As a result of rapid differential LM parts growth, LM took different shapes with advanced ages, finally ending in a heart shape. Internally, LM was supported by hyaline laryngeal cartilages; a C-shaped cricoid cartilage that had two wings, paired fork-like two arytenoids, and a comma-shaped procricoid that had four articulations. The glottis appeared as a central longitudinal opening on the 13th day of incubation. With age advancing, it was characterized as a wide rostral commissure and a caudal narrow one that was supported on either side by arytenoid cartilages. Additionally, on the 13th day, a bilateral sagittal row to the glottis developed, consisting of 8–9 small caudally directed papillae. At that time, rostral and caudal transverse laryngeal papillary rows appeared. LM had compound tubuloalveolar submucosal laryngeal glands that were situated between M. dilator glottidis and cricohyoideus and opened on the dorsal surface of LM. Histochemically, the early post-hatching stages of the glandular secretion were PAS-positive while late post-hatching ages had alcinophilic reactions. In conclusion, the LM had rapid morphological developmental events in the early ages other than the adult ages.

Introduction: Mucins are polydisperse molecules created to perform a variety of functions at the mucosal surface of the adult gastrointestinal tract. Two main groups of mucins could be identified: the membrane-associated mucins (MUC1, MUC4, MUC13, and MUC16), those bound to the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells, and the secreted mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC6), those secreted from the goblet cells. Little is known about the types and distribution patterns of mucins in prenatal life. Methods: We detected mucin-secreting cells in the developing rabbit esophagus though these cells are absent in the adult one. In order to identify the content and possible functions of these cells, we investigated the histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of their mucins. Results: Starting at 16th day of pregnancy, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), alcian blue (AB) pH (2.5), and PAS-AB combination intensely stained the mucous content, demonstrating both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Some blebs could be recognized on the free surface of the esophageal epithelium. Also, the mucous cells and some basal cells strongly immunoreacted with MUC1, but not MUC2, nor MUC5AC antibodies. Conclusion: Collectively, these data suggest that surface mucous cells are modified epithelial cells, not goblet cells, and may originate from the basal layer of the epithelial cells. A possible regulatory role for these MUC1-positive mucins in esophageal epithelial and mesenchymal cell differentiation and late organogenesis is suggested. However, future functional studies are recommended.