Wounds of the distal limb in equines are restored after a long period with the development of excessive granulation tissues and poor wound contraction and re-epithelialization. Although, the usage of mesh implantation has been emerged in hernioplasty in animals and humans, its effects on treatment of distal limb wounds in equines are still undefined. Hence, this study was intended to inspect the impact of polypropylene mesh application on healing of large-sized metacarpal skin wounds in donkeys through gross and histopathological investigations on days 28, 56, and 84 post-wounds induction. The results revealed that granulation tissues formed over the outer surface of the polypropylene mesh and emerged from the pores of the polypropylene mesh. Re-epithelialization from the four sides of the wound in addition to wound contraction induced a significant reduction in the wound size compared to the control group. Histopathological results revealed that the healing process was superior in mesh-implanted wounds through promoting re-epithelialization, neovascularization, fibroblast proliferation, collagen maturation, and reduced scar formation. In conclusion, the polypropylene mesh was beneficial in accelerating the healing process through enhancing epithelialization, properly limiting and regulating exaggerated hyper granulation tissues, and promoting the formation of healthy skin suggesting its promising application for metacarpal skin wounds of donkeys.

Heat stress (HS) is one of the major economic problems facing the world's chicken industry. Besides decreased growth performance, HS reduces immune function in chickens. The principal part of the immunological function is the lymphatic organ. The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ in birds. Sodium butyrate (SB) is the sodium salt of butyric acid and is suggested to be used to relieve heat stress. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of sodium butyrate on the spleen in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 150 healthy broiler chicks (1 day old) were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) control group fed on basal diet (BD) and normal temperature; 2) heat stress (HS) group (BD) and exposed to HS (34◦C for 8 h/day for 7 days starting from 29 days old); 3) low sodium butyrate group (BD + 0.5 g/kg SB every day and exposed to HS and 4) high sodium butyrate group (BD + 2 g/kg SB every day and exposed to HS. The spleen was harvested at the end of the experiments (36 days old). Our results revealed that HS caused severe damages, such as noticeable atrophy and loss of organization in the white pulp and hemorrhage in both white and red pulps. A low dose of SB supplementation showed full protection of the spleen tissue. However, the high dose might cause an adverse effect. In conclusion, SB especially low dose ameliorated the effect of heat stress. Therefore, we suggest using SB to face the heat stress in broilers, however with low doses.

The laryngeal mound (LM) formed the caudal part of the pharyngeal floor, which varied in position, shape, and length at different ages. This work aimed to study the morphogenesis of the LM in the embryonic and post hatching periods grossly, histologically, and by scanning electron microscopy using forty-eight Japanese quails. The LM primordia appeared on the 8th day of incubation as a raised elevation carried on a deep median symmetrical sulcus (glottis primordium). As a result of rapid differential LM parts growth, LM took different shapes with advanced ages, finally ending in a heart shape. Internally, LM was supported by hyaline laryngeal cartilages; a C-shaped cricoid cartilage that had two wings, paired fork-like two arytenoids, and a comma-shaped procricoid that had four articulations. The glottis appeared as a central longitudinal opening on the 13th day of incubation. With age advancing, it was characterized as a wide rostral commissure and a caudal narrow one that was supported on either side by arytenoid cartilages. Additionally, on the 13th day, a bilateral sagittal row to the glottis developed, consisting of 8–9 small caudally directed papillae. At that time, rostral and caudal transverse laryngeal papillary rows appeared. LM had compound tubuloalveolar submucosal laryngeal glands that were situated between M. dilator glottidis and cricohyoideus and opened on the dorsal surface of LM. Histochemically, the early post-hatching stages of the glandular secretion were PAS-positive while late post-hatching ages had alcinophilic reactions. In conclusion, the LM had rapid morphological developmental events in the early ages other than the adult ages.

This study aimed to explore an innovative approach to enhancing the shelf-life and quality of meat products through the application of an active packaging system. The study involved the development of new free-standing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanocomposite films incorporated with nanoencapsulated flavonoids derived from pomegranate extract. The loaded flavonoids, known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, were nanoencapsulated via a self-assembly approach in a mixture of chitosan and sodium alginate to improve their stability, solubility, and controlled release characteristics. Chemical structure, size, and morphology of the obtained nanoparticles (Pg-NPs) were studied with FTIR, zeta-sizer, and TEM. The Pg-NPs showed particle size of 232 nm, and zeta-potential of −20.7 mV. Various free-standing nanocomposite films were then developed via incorporation of Pg-NPs into CMC …

Metronomic chemotherapy (MC), long-term continuous administration of anticancer drugs, is gaining attention as an alternative to the traditional maximum tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy. By combining MC with other treatments, the therapeutic efficacy is enhanced while minimizing toxicity. MC employs multiple mechanisms, making it a versatile approach against various cancers. However, drug resistance limits the long-term effectiveness of MC, necessitating ongoing development of anticancer drugs. Traditional drug discovery is lengthy and costly due to processes like target protein identification, virtual screening, lead optimization, and safety and efficacy evaluations. Drug repurposing (DR), which screens FDA-approved drugs for new uses, is emerging as a cost-effective alternative. Both experimental and computational methods, such as protein binding assays, in vitro cytotoxicity tests, structure-based …

This study aimed to describe the morphological features and microstructure of the upper, lower, and third eyelids of the black

winged kite, Elanus caeruleus, and to characterize the organized lymphoid follicles and lymphocytes in the eyelid mucosa.

Additionally, it aimed to illustrate the importance of the eye adnexa in the eye's immune protection. The upper, lower, and

third eyelids display varying morphological differences that seem to be closely linked to the birds' way of life, indicating adjust

ments to their environment and eating behaviors. The black-winged kite has large, forward-facing eyes positioned under a bony

shelf (lacrimal process) that shades them. Both eyelids have thick, pigmented edges and bear two rows of long, finely modified

filoplume feathers, which increase at the anterior canthus. Melanocytes appear in the stratum basale of upper and lower eyelids,

and Langerhans cells were observed. Aggregations of lymphatic cells were present under the conjunctival epithelium within the

stroma of the lower eyelid (in the orbital zone near the tarsal plate), while they were absent in the upper eyelid and nictitating

membrane. The density of goblet cells on the conjunctival surface of the upper eyelid and the nictitating membrane is higher

than that of the lower eyelid. The structure of the skin and conjunctiva in both the upper and lower eyelids contains numerous

defensive immune cells that maintain ocular safety and hydration. Additionally, the lower eyelid's CALT constitutes most of the

CALT tissue in E. caeruleus and is recognized as part of the mucosal immune system.